Ancient Inca – 
Land & History
Overview
•	Geography
•	Prehistory
–	Chavin
–	Moche
–	Nazca
–	Middle Kingdoms
–	Chimor
•	Inca
Inca Empire
•	Peru
–	parts of Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina
•	Pacific Ocean
–	Cold Humboldt current, nutrient rich
•	Land: 3 regions
–	Coastal desert, arid plateau
–	Andes ranges of mountains
•	Altiplano 8000 to 11500 feet, regular rainfall, fertile valleys
–	Eastern slope, Amazon lowlands (“montanas”)
Prehistory
•	Earliest humans
–	15,000 BP
–	Hunter-gatherers using lithic technology
–	Prey: cameloid species (llama, alpaca, vicuna)
•	Earliest cultivated crops 
–	10,000 BP
•	First agriculture
–	8,000 BP
•	First monumental architecture & irrigation systems 4700 BP
Initial Period
•	Begins with introduction of pottery 1800 – 800 BC
•	Ceremonial architecture includes circular sunken courts & U-shaped temple complexes
•	Sites: Cerro Sechin, Sechin Alto, Kotosh
Chavin
•	Empire throughout central Andes 1000 – 200 BC
•	Principal city: Chavin de Huantar
•	Sophisticated textiles, ceramics, stone sculpture, leadership
•	Old Temple: El Lanzon, 
•	New Temple: Raimondi stone & Tello obelisk
•	Religious cult of jaguar deity
Moche
•	Centred at Moche River
–	1 – 700 AD
•	Architecture of mud brick & stone
•	Sites: 
–	Cerro Blanco on Rio Moche with Pyramids of Sun, Moon
–	Sipan in Lambayeque Valley: burial chamber discovered intact in 1987 by Alva
•	Contained royal warrior and priest who died around A.D. 300
•	gold grave goods

Court of Sipan
Moche Pottery
•	Forms: 
–	Stirrup spout, portrait, anthropomorphic
•	Themes
–	Painted scenes of Moche life
–	Religion
•	Cults of warrior-priest, dead
•	Music, ritual, human sacrifice
–	Warfare
•	Battle scenes, capture of prisoners
–	Economy
•	Trade goods, agricultural plants
–	Erotic
•	Variety of sexual activity
Nazca
•	Nazca lines seen from air in 1926
–	Straight lines, rectangles, animals & fish
–	Lines of power: ritual paths
•	Culture 200 BC – 600 AD
–	Similar to Paracas Culture: textile, pottery designs
–	Intensive farming, irrigation
–	Loosely knit empire
Middle Kingdoms
•	Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco)
–	AD 600- 1000
–	Aymara people south side Lake Titicaca
–	Based on agriculture, herding, fishing 
•	City 60,000 people
•	Pyramids, sunken temples
•	Huari (Wari)
–	AD 300 – 800
–	Quechua military empire
–	Capital city near Ayacucho
–	Irrigation, roads, military garrisons

Chimor
•	AD 800 – 1400
•	Capital city: Chan Chan in Rio Moche Valley
–	9 sq. miles
•	Centre of craft production, wealth
–	9 palace complexes 
•	Temples, cemeteries, reservoirs, rooms
•	Living quarters for king & nobility
–	Barrios outside palace walls
•	Work & living space for artisans & labourers
•	Chimu Empire 
–	600 miles along coast
–	Achievements in irrigation, metalwork, textiles, and maritime trade
•	Legacy
–	Conquered by Inca
–	Transferred craftsmen, wealth to Cuzco
Inca Origins
•	Creation story
–	Viracocha rose from Lake Titicaca, created the Inca, Manco Capac, & sun god, Inti
–	Legend: Manco Capac led his people from Titicaca to Valley of Cuzco
•	First Seven Rulers
–	1st  Emperor: Manco Capac
•	Founded Cuzco circa AD 1100
–	7th Emperor: Yahuar Huaca
Pachacutec
•	Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (AD 1438 - 1471)
–	9th Emperor, son of Viracocha (8th Inca emperor), 
–	Founder of Inca Empire
•	Achievements
–	Military conquest
•	Defended Cuzco against Chanca invasion
•	Conquered Aymara , confederation of tribes north of Cuzco, except Chimu
•	Ruled from Titicaca to Cajamarca
–	Inca imperial system
•	Rebuilding & enlarging of Cuzco: temples, palaces
•	Agricultural terracing and irrigation systems
•	Relocation system for native peoples
•	Mutual gift giving with local chiefs
•	Worship of Inti, the sun
•	Established Quechua as language of empire
The Last Conquerors
•	Tupac Yupanqui
–	AD 1471- 1493
–	conquered from northern Ecuador to central Chile
–	Established
•	Population census
•	Decimal system of administration
•	Mamaconas
•	Huayna Capac
–	AD 1493 - 1525
–	Empire reached its maximum limits
–	Conquest of Quito

The Spanish Conquest
•	Civil war over disputed succession of Inca
–	Atahualpa and Huascar, sons of Huayna Capac
•	Francisco Pizarro AD 1532
–	3rd expedition with 106 soldiers and 62 horses
–	Met Atahualpa in city of Cajamarca.
•	Formal procession of welcome
–	Arrested Inca leader, extracted ransom in gold
–	Attacked and defeated Inca army
•	Steel, cannon, cavalry were advantages
Spanish Colony
•	Defeat of the Inca
–	Executed Atalhualpa
–	Marched on Cuzco
–	Defeated Atahualpa’s northern army
•	Spanish colonial administration
–	Set up puppet emperor Manco Inca
–	Colonial system of governors
•	Similar to system in Mexico
–	Disease reduced native populations
–	Spanish missionaries arrived to convert natives
Anthropomorphic
Anthropomorphism, or personification, is attribution of human form or other characteristics to anything other than a human being. Examples include depicting deities with human form and ascribing human emotions or motives to forces of nature, such as hurricanes or earthquakes.
Anthropomorphism has ancient roots as a literary device in storytelling, and also in art. Most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphised animals, who can stand or talk as if human, as characters.

Sipán
•	Sipán is a Moche archaeological site in northern Peru that is famous for the tomb of El Señor de Sipán (Lord of Sipán), excavated by Walter Alva and his wife Susana Meneses beginning in 1987. The tomb of the Lord of Sipan has been dated to around 100 AD. The site, where fourteen tombs have been discovered, is considered to be one of the most important archaeological discoveries in the last 30 years, because the main tomb was found intact and undisturbed by thieves. Tombs have been found also in Sipán's Huaca Rajada, an area near Chiclayo. Many huaca have been found that contain burial goods of Moche jewelry, masks, and art.
Court of Sipan
•	Dr. Walter Alva and his colleagues built the Museo Tumbas Reales de Sipán, which opened in 2002 in Lambayeque, Peru; 485 miles north of Lima. 
•	The Lord of Sipán, is a royal warrior and priest who died around A.D. 300. 
•	The tombs of 13 individuals were excavated at Sipán. “This discovery revolutionized Moche studies the way that the discovery of King Tut changed Egyptian studies”, Alva says, “We understood suddenly that the people we’d seen in drawings – and their ceremonies, their rituals – were real”. 
•	The Tomb Of Sipan is close to the Town of Sipan, 35 kilometres from Chiclayo, in the Archaeological Compound of Huaca Rajada. The Archaeological Site has two truncated pyramids, buildings wherein the Tomb of the Lord of Sipan, the Tomb of the Priest, and that of the Old Lord of Sipan, were found together. 
•	The ancient ruler of the Valleys of the North must have exercised his dominion in the year 250 D.C. approximately, and his authority extended to the military, religious and civil ambits. The builders of the Citadel of the Lord of Sipan were the Mochicas, who established themselves in the Region of La Libertad, to later extend towards the Valleys of Lambayeque, Chicama, Moche, Virú, Santa and Nepeña, over an area of 6500 square kilometres. It is thought that the Compound contained nearly 15 thousand inhabitants, including professionals such as potters, goldsmiths, and weavers. 
•	Death did not mean the end for the Mochicas. In their belief, they would continue living in another spiritual plane with their same obligations or privileges as in this world. Thus, their rulers were buried with provisions and goods to use in the afterlife. The discovery of this tomb allows us to know more about these burial rituals. 
•	The Lord of Sipan died at an age of about 40 years and other than arthritis, he was in good health. His height was of 5 foot 6 inchest, which was considered to be tall during his time, and his bodily structure shows that he did little physical labor. 
•	The Old Lord of Sipan, buried in the first construction stage of the funerary platform, must have been the most ancient ruler of the Valley. 

The Lines of Nazca Peru
•	In the Peruvian Desert, about 200 miles south of Lima, there lies a plain between the Inca and Nazca (sometimes also spelled Nasca) Valleys. Across this plain, in an area measuring 37 miles long and 1-mile wide, is an assortment of perfectly-straight lines, many running parallel, others intersecting, forming a grand geometric form. In and around the lines there are also trapezoidal zones, strange symbols, and pictures of birds and beasts all etched on a giant scale that can only be appreciated from the sky.
Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture

•	The city of Tiwanaku, capital of a powerful pre-Hispanic empire that dominated a large area of the southern Andes and beyond, reached its apogee between 500 and 900 AD. Its monumental remains testify to the cultural and political significance of this civilisation, which is distinct from any of the other pre-Hispanic empires of the Americas.
Huari
•	Huari, also spelled Wari,  archaeological site located in the central highland region of present-day Peru that gives its name to an Andean civilization of the central and northern highlands of the Middle Horizon (c. ad 600–1000). Huari is closely linked in its art style to the monuments of the great site of Tiwanaku, located on Lake Titicaca in northwestern Bolivia. Huari was probably the centre of a militaristic empire that dominated much of the Peruvian highlands and coast during the earlier part of the Middle Horizon. Its influences are seen especially in the Late Nazca (Ica) culture of the southern coast and at Pachacamac on the central coast. The most distinctive decorative motif on Huari pottery is the Doorway God, a stylized, anthropomorphic figure often represented in front view with a rectangular face and rayed headdress.
Viracocha
•	Viracocha is the great creator god in the pre-Inca and Inca mythology in the Andes region of South America. Full name and some spelling alternatives are Wiracocha,[1] Apu Qun Tiqsi Wiraqutra, and Con-Tici (also spelled Kon-Tiki) Viracocha. Viracocha was one of the most important deities in the Inca pantheon and seen as the creator of all things, or the substance from which all things are created, and intimately associated with the sea.[2] Viracocha created the universe, sun, moon, and stars, time (by commanding the sun to move over the sky)[3] and civilization itself. Viracocha was worshipped as god of the sun and of storms. He was represented as wearing the sun for a crown, with thunderbolts in his hands, and tears descending from his eyes as rain.
Chimor
•	Chimor (also Kingdom of Chimor) was the political grouping of the Chimú culture that ruled the northern coast of Peru, beginning around 850 and ending around 1470. Chimor was the largest kingdom in the Late Intermediate period, encompassing 1000 km of coastline. The greatest surviving ruin of this civilization is the city of Chan Chan located 4 km northwest of the modern Trujillo, Peru.
•	Chimu Piece, Imperial Epoch, 1300–1532 Larco Museum Collection
•	Late Intermediate Period Cultures
•	The Chimú grew out of the remnants of the Moche culture. The first valleys seem to have joined forces willingly, but Sican was acquired through conquest. They also were significantly influenced by the Cajamarca and the Wari. According to legend, the capital Chan Chan was founded by Taycanamo, who arrived in the area by sea.
•	Chimor was the last kingdom that had any chance of stopping the Inca Empire. But the Inca conquest began in the 1470s by Topa Inca Yupanqui, defeating the emperor and descendant of Tacaynamo, Minchancaman, and was nearly complete when Huayna Capac assumed the throne in 1493 AD.
•	Chimú ceramics are all black. It is also known for its exquisite and intricate metal-working, and one of the most advanced of pre-Columbian times.